Influence of the Bretton Woods meetings
布雷顿森林会议的影响

In addition to changes in the economies of countries seeking to participate willingly or otherwise in the global market, there has been a rise in global financial institutions governing world and providing loans to countries, which are also driving market liberalization and globalization(McMichael 2004).
在各国经济或全球市场的变化中，越来越多的全球性金融机构崭露头角，向各国提供贷款，推进着市场自由化和全球化。

A number of key institutions and regulatory frameworks were established out of the Bretton Woods meetings following the Second World War.
二战后许多关键机构和监管机构诞生于布雷顿森林会议。

Sometimes referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions (named after the aki resort in New Hampshire, USA, where representatives of 45 countries met from 1 to 22 July 1944), these institutions include the International Monetary Fund(IMF), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD), which was one of the institutions of the World Bank Group. Subsequent meetings led to the signing of the General Agree Treaty negotiated in ‘rounds’ to promote trade and ward off protectionism(Roberts 2002).
有时也称布雷顿森林机构（取名于美国新罕布什尔州的一个度假胜地，从1944年6月1日至22日共有45个国家的代表出席了会议），这些机构中包括了国际贸易基金组织以及世界银行集团之一的国际复兴与发展银行。后来经多回合的协商后签署了以促进贸易和抵御保护主义为目的的《关税及贸易总协定》。

The World Trade Organisation was formed in January 1995 out of the GATT Uruguay Round.
乌拉圭回合后，世界贸易组织在1995年1月正式成立。

The World Trade Organisation is often seen as the successor of GATT and in 2005 there were 149 member countries.
世界贸易组织通常被看成是《关税及贸易总协定》的产物，到2005年为止已拥有149个成员国。

The World Trade Organisation is different from a treaty, as it has independent jurisdiction and the ability to enforce its rules on member states.
世界贸易组织跟条约的不同之处在于其管理独立，能够监督成员国履行规定。

The World Trade Organisation can set rules on the movement of goods, money and productive facilities across borders, thereby restricting countries in passing legislation or policies that discriminate such movement(McMichael 2004).
世界贸易组织设立有关货物、货币以及生产设备的跨界流通的规定，限制成员国制定区别对待这些流通的法律或者政策。（马克米歇尔，2004年）

The World Trade Organisation releases Ministerial Declarations following meetings, and the Declaration from Doha in 2001 stated that ‘International trade can play a major role in the promotion of economic development and the alleviation of poverty.
世界贸易组织公布《总理宣言》后续会议，2001年多哈的《总理宣言》声明：“国际贸易对于促进经济发展以及消除贫困中担当着重要的角色。”

We recognize the need for all our peoples to benefit from the increased opportunities and welfare gains that the multilateral trading system generates’(World Trade Organisation 2001).
我们逐渐意识到我们的人民必须从多边贸易体系带来的机会和利润中得到好处。（世界贸易组织，2001）

The World Trade Organisation also administers the General Agreement ON Trade in Services (GATS), which includes tourism under the category of ‘Tourism and Travel Related Services’.
同时，世界贸易组织出台了《贸易服务总协定》，把旅游业纳入“旅游及出行相关服务”一类。

The aim of GATS is to liberalize trade in services so that member countries have to allow foreign-owned companies free access to their markets and with no favouritism towards domestic companies (Scheyvens 2002).
《贸易服务总协定》的目的是自由化服务贸易，使成员国允许外来企业自由进出本土市场，防止本国贸易保护主义。

This would give foreign-owned companies with greater economic power an advantage over small domestic companies.
这使得外来企业比小型的本国企业获得更有优势的经济力量。

布雷顿森林会议的影响
　　除了改变经济的国家寻求另有愿意参与全球市场,增加了管理世界和全球金融机构提供贷款给国家,这也是dribing市场自由化和全球化(McMichael 2004)。一批重点institutiongs和监管框架的建立布雷顿森林neetings第二次世界大战之后,有时被称作

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